What Mad Pursuit Read online

  Histones

  Hoagland, Mahlon

  Hodgkin, Alan

  Holley, Robert

  Homopolar bonds

  Hopkins, Gowland

  Hotchkiss, Rollin

  Howard, Alan

  Hoyle, Frederick

  Hubel, David

  Hughes, Arthur

  Huxley, Andrew

  Hydrodynamics

  Hydrogen

  Hydrogen bond

  Hydroxyproline

  Induction, gene

  Infection, bacterial

  Ingram, Vernon

  Inheritance: blending; genetic basis of; Mendelian; particulate

  Insects, gradients in cuticle of

  Institut Pasteur

  Insulin

  Integer axes, α helix and

  Integer screw, α helix and

  International Congress of Biochemistry, First

  Interpeak distances, in electron density map

  Introns

  Ions: exchange columns; movement of in giant axon of squid; sodium

  Isomorphous replacement

  Isotope separation

  Itano, Harvey

  Jackson, Mick

  Jacob, François

  Jenkin, Fleeming

  Judson, Horace Freeland

  Karle, Jerome

  Keller, Walter

  Kendrew, John; α helix and; myoglobin and

  Keratin, X-ray diagrams of

  Keynes, Richard

  Khorana, Gobind

  Kieckhefer Foundation

  King's College, London

  Klug, Aaron

  Kornberg, Arthur

  Kornberg, Roger

  Kornberg enzyme

  Kreisel, Georg

  La Jolla, California

  Lattice, crystal

  Lawrence, Peter

  Lea, D. A.

  Lederberg, Joshua

  Lennox, Edward

  Lerman, Leonard

  Leucine

  LeVay, Simon

  Levine, Phoebus

  Life Itself (Crick)

  Life Story (movie)

  Light: microscopy; ultraviolet; wavelength of visible

  Linguistics, modern

  Linking number

  Linnean Society

  Lipmann, Fritz

  Locke, Michael

  London

  Luria, Salva

  Luzzati, Vittorio

  Lysenko

  Lysozymes: chick; egg white; guinea fowl; phage; tear drop

  McCarty, Maclyn

  McClelland, Jay

  MacLeod, Colin

  MacLeod, Donald

  Macroevolution

  Macromolecules

  Maddox, John

  Magnetic ore, phagocytosis of by chick fibroblasts

  Magnetism

  Magnetron

  Magnification, genetic

  Mandler, George

  Mapping, gene

  Mark, Herman

  Markham, Roy

  Marr, David

  Massachusetts Institute of Technology

  Massey, H. S. W.

  Mathematics

  Maxwell, James Clerk

  Maxwell's equations

  Medawar, Peter

  Medical Research Council (MRC)

  Medicine, Nobel Prize for

  Mee, Arthur

  Mellanby, Sir Edward

  Memory

  Mendel, Gregor. see also Genetics Mercury

  Meselson, Matt

  Metabolism, cellular

  Methionine

  Methyl (CH3) groups

  Microevolution

  Microscopy

  Mind into Matter (Delbrück)

  Mines, noncontact

  Minton, John

  Mirsky, Alfred

  Mr. Tompkins Explores the Atom (Gamow)

  Mitchell, Peter

  Mitchison, Graeme

  Mitchison, Murdoch

  Mitochondria

  Models: Astbury's keratin; behavioral; Bragg's, Kendrew's, and Perutz's α helix; brain; of chemical molecules; of DNA structure; giant axon potential in squid; good biological; neural net; Pauling's α helix; Penroses's gene replication; polypeptide backbone; side-by-side DNA structure; three-chain DNA; Watson and Crick's DNA structure

  Molecular biology; and borderline between living and nonliving; brief outline of classical; chemical structure of gene as central problem of; theory in

  Molecular psychology

  Molecules: adaptor; approximate size of; chemical; handedness of; King's College biophysics research and; as parasites; tRNA

  Molteno Institute

  Monkeys, visual system in

  Monoclonal antibodies

  Monod, Jacques

  Monomers; see also specific monomers

  Montefiore, Hugh

  Moore, Ruth

  Morse code

  Mott, Professor Neville

  Muller, Hermann

  Muscle, biophysics of

  Mutations: acridine; amino acids and; amino acid string alterations; beneficial; deleterious; deletions; distributions; double; gene; genetic diversity and; leaky; multiple; nonleaky; nonsense; phenotype; point; proflavin; quadruple; random; rate; during replication; revertant; single; suppressors; triple; viral; wild-type; see also Gene(s), Genetic code, Genetics

  Mutons

  Myoglobin; heavy atoms added to; structure of; three-dimensional structure of

  Mutons

  Natural selection: appearance of planned design due to; biological replication and; brain as product of; contemporary acceptance of; contemporary understanding of; as cumulative process; fair criticisms of; evolution and; genetic diversity and; power of; randomness of; rate of; remarkable structures built by; role of environment in; selective pressures and; selfish DNA and; sex and; theory of; unplanned nature of

  Natural Theology (Paley)

  Nature

  Nauta, Walle

  Nematodes

  Neocortex

  Nerve cells

  NetTalk

  Neural nets

  Neuroanatomy

  Neurobiology

  Neurons

  Neurophilosophy (Churchland)

  Neurophysiology

  Neurospora crassa

  Neutron, discovery of

  Newtonian mechanics

  Nicholson, William

  Nirenberg, Marshall

  Nitrogen; atomic

  NMDA, receptor for glutamate

  Nobel Prize

  Noninteger screw, α helix and

  Nucleic acids: molecular structures of; tetranucleotide hypothesis and; ultraviolet light absorption by; see also DNA; RNA

  Nucleoproteins

  Nucleosomes

  Nucleotides; acridines between; DNA; looped out; number of in human cell; order of; RNA; sequences of; tautomeric nature of; triplets; see also . Base pairs; specific nucleotides

  Nucleus, cellular

  Occam's razor

  Occlusion

  "Ode on a Grecian Urn" (Keats)

  Olby, Robert

  Omissions

  "On Degenerate Templates and the Adaptor Hypothesis" (Crick)

  One gene-one enzyme hypothesis

  Ontogeny

  Orgel, Leslie; error-correcting device in DNA replication and; extraterrestrial intelligence interests of; genetic code work of; paper on comma-free code; paper on triplet code

  Origin of Species, The (Darwin)

  Overlapping, see Triplets

  Oxford University; see also specific colleges

  Oxygen

  PaJaMo experiment

  Paley, William

  Pancreas, function of

  Panspermia, directed

  Parallel distributed processing (PDP)

  Parallel Distributed Processing (Rumelhart and McClelland)

  Parasitic DNA

  Pardee, Arthur

  Paris

  Particulate inheritance

  Path to the Double Helix, The (Olby)

  Patterson, Lindo

/>   Patterson density map

  Pauling, Linus; and α helix; and hemoglobin; hydrogen bond and; importance of to molecular biology; and sickle-cell anemia; and vitamin C

  Pauling, Peter

  Penicillin

  Penrose, Lionel

  Penrose, Roger

  Peptide bonds, planar in α helix

  Perception: scientific study of; utilitarian theory of

  Periodic table

  Perutz, Max; and α helix; and hemoglobin; movie characterization of; and protein structure

  Peterhouse College

  Phage Group

  Phages; DNA; genetics; lysozyme; see also Bacteriophages

  Phagocytosis, of magnetic ore by chick fibroblasts

  Phase sequence

  Phase shift

  Phenotype

  Phenylalanine

  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society

  Phosphate groups

  Photoreceptors

  Physical chemistry; α helix and

  Physics; difference of from biology; entry of into biology

  Physiology; Nobel Prize for

  Pigott-Smith, Tim

  Plane groups

  Plants: extant species; viruses

  Plaques: bacterial; mutants; picking of; wild-type

  Pneumococcus, transforming factor of

  Poggio, Tomaso

  Pohl, William

  Poisson distributions

  Polymers; see also specific polymers

  Polypeptide chains; backbone of; basic chemical formula for; chemistry of synthesis; cutting of by trypsin; folding; NH group donors; nonsense sites; repeats; side-chains; synthesis; see also Polypeptides; Proteins

  Polypeptides; see also Polypeptide chains; Proteins

  Polyphenylalanine

  Polysaccharide coat, of gene

  Princeton University

  Probability of God, The (Montefiore)

  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

  Proceedings of the Royal Society

  Proflavin

  Protamines

  Proteins: amino acid residues in; amino acid sequences in; collagen; denatured; distinct types of; DNA coding for; enzymes as; fibrous; fingerprinting; folding; function dependent on three-dimensional structure; gene determination of; as genetic material in; transforming factor; globular; as nucleoprotein constituent; RNA coding for; shape; sizes; structure; symmetry elements; synthesis; three-dimensional structure; X- ray diffraction patterns of; see also specific proteins

  Psychology; behaviorism and; molecular; parallel distributed processing and; of vision

  Psychophysics; of vision

  Purines

  Putnam, Frank

  Pyrimidines

  Quantum electrodynamics

  Quantum mechanics

  Quarks

  rII gene

  Radar, military applications of

  Ramachandran, V. S.

  Randall, John

  Reagan, Ronald

  Recombinant DNA

  Recons

  Red blood cells

  Reductionism

  Reflection

  Relativity

  Religion, incompatibility with some scientific beliefs

  REM sleep

  Replication: cellular; DNA; error rate per step of; exact; gene; geometrical nature of; mutation and; RNA; semiconservative model of; template concept of

  Repression, gene

  Retroviruses

  Revertants

  Ribonucleic acid, see RNA

  Ribose

  Ribosomes: gene production of after transfer; protein synthesis on; RNA in

  Rich, Alex; Biochemical Congress at Moscow (1961) and; collagen work by; DNA structure work by; genetic code work by; RNA Tie Club and

  Riley, Monica

  RNA: bacterial cell; base pairs; bases; base sequences; coding for proteins; cytoplasmic; export to cytoplasm; our-letter language of; fractionation of tRNA; intermediate in protein synthesis; length of presence on Earth of; messenger (mRNA); mutation rate per effective base pair; as nucleoprotein constituent; replication; retroviruses; ribosomal (rRNA); shape; single-stranded; sizes of; structure; synthesis; as template; transfer (tRNA); viruses; Volkin-Astrachan

  RNA Tie Club

  Rock crystals

  Rockefeller Institute

  Rosenberg, Charles

  Rotation: angles of; axes

  Rothschild, Lord Victor

  Royal Institution

  Royal Society

  Rumelhart, David

  Russian Atomic Energy Research establishment

  Rutherford, Ernest; and α helix

  Salk, Jonas

  Salk Institute for Biological Studies

  Sanger, Frederick

  Schroedinger, Erwin

  Scientific American

  Screw axis, α helix

  Search, The (Snow)

  Sejnowski, Terry

  Selfish DNA

  Selfish Gene, The (Dawkins)

  Semiconservative model of DNA replication

  Sequence hypothesis

  Sequences: amino acid; base; complementary; DNA; phase of

  Sexual reproduction, natural selection and

  Shape-from-shading

  Shaw, Gordon

  Shrinkage states

  Sickle-cell anemia, as molecular disease

  Side-by-side hypothesis of DNA structure

  Side-chains; charges on; DNA and RNA as templates for; hydrogen atom; methyl group; total number known

  Silica

  Silicon chips

  Slow viruses

  Snow, C. P.

  Society for Experimental Biology (London)

  Sodium chloride

  Sodium ion

  Space groups

  Spatial repeat unit

  Speciation, genetics of

  Sperm

  Splicing, gene

  Squid, ion movement in giant axon of

  Stanford University

  Stars; evolution of

  Stereopsis

  Stent, Gunther

  Stevenson, Juliet

  Stokes, A. R.

  STOP codon

  Strangeways Laboratory

  Streisinger, George

  Sugar

  Sumner, James

  Suppressors: FC series; internal; mutants; P series

  Sutherland, Stuart

  Symmetry

  Synge, Dick

  Szent-Györgyi, Albert

  Szent-Györgyi, Andrew

  Szilard, Leo

  Tamm, Igor

  Tatum, Edward; bacterial genetics work by

  Tautomeric forms

  Tears, human, lysozyme in

  Temin, Howard

  Template concept of DNA replication

  Tendons

  Tetranucleotide hypothesis

  Theology

  Thermal energy

  Thermal motion

  Thom, René

  Thomson, J. J.

  Thymine

  Tissue culture techniques

  Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

  Topoisomerase II

  Topology

  Transitions

  Transversions

  Triplet code

  Triplets, nucleotide; chain terminator; nonoverlapping; nonsense; overlapping; sense

  Trypsin

  Tryptophan

  Ultraviolet microscopy

  "Uncles and aunts" (rII gene mutants)

  Unit cell

  Universe, age of

  University College, London

  University of California: Berkeley; Irvine; San Diego

  University of Vienna

  Uracil

  Urease

  Valine

  Vand, Vladimir

  van der Waal's forces

  Variation: genetic; preservation of

  Villa Serbelloni

  Virology

  Viruses: AIDS; bacteriophages; DNA; flu; mating of; mutants; plant; polio; RNA; size of; slow; pherical; structure of<
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  Viscosity, of water

  Vision: color; psychology of; psychophysics of

  Vitamin C

  Volkin, Elliot

  Volkin-Astrachan RNA

  Waddington, Conrad

  Walden, Leonard

  Wallace, Alfred

  Wang, James

  Water

  Watson, Elizabeth

  Watson, James; α helix work by; bacterial genetics and; bird- watching interests of; Cold Spring Harbor Symposium talk at; DNA double helix discovery and; DNA structure and; The Double Helix; experiences with books and movies about DNA; feelings on discovery of double helix; genetic code work by; mRNA work by; nature of genes and; Nobel Prize awarded to; papers on DNA structure; Phage Group and; protein synthesis and; RNA Tie Club and; viral structure and; X-ray crystallography and

  Wave mechanics

  Welch, Lloyd

  What Is Life? (Schroedinger)

  Whose Life is It, Anyway? (movie)

  Wiesel, Torsten

  Wilcox, Michael

  Wilkins, Ethel

  Wilkins, Maurice; DNA structure work by; personal interests of; movie characterization of; Nobel Prize awarded to; paper on DNA structure; ultraviolet microscopy by; X-ray crystallography work on DNA fibers

  Wilson, H. R.

  Wood's Hole

  World War I

  World War II; rise in influence of science due to; weapons research during

  X-ray crystallography; of A form DNA; of α helix; of B form DNA; Bragg's law for; diffraction pattern; of DNA fibers; of DNA structure; of hemoglobin; major problem of; of myoglobin; of proteins; of synthetic peptides; theory of; of three-dimensional structure of proteins; of Z-DNA

  X-ray spots

  Yeas, Martynas

  Yeast

  Z-DNA

  Zeeman, Christopher

  Zipser, David

  Table of Contents

  Cover Page

  Title Page

  Copyright Page

  Preface to the Series

  Acknowledgments

  What Mad Pursuit

  Introduction

  1: Prologue: My Early Years

  2: The Gossip Test

  3: The Baffling Problem

  4: Rocking the Boat

  5: The α Helix

  6: How to Live with a Golden Helix

  7: Books and Movies About DNA

  8: The Genetic Code

  9: Fingerprinting Proteins

  10: Theory in Molecular Biology

  11: The Missing Messenger

  12: Triplets

  13: Conclusions

  14: Epilogue: My Later Years

  APPENDIX A: A Brief Outline of Classical Molecular Biology

  APPENDIX B: The Genetic Code

  Index